MySQL创建自定义哈希索引
如果存储引擎不支持哈希索引,则可以模拟像Memory存储引擎一样创建哈希索引,这样可以享受哈希索引的便利,例如只需要很小的索引就可以为超长的键创建索引。
思路很简单:在B-Tree基础上创建一个伪哈希索引。这和真正的哈希索引不是一回事。因为还是使用真正的哈希索引进行查找,但是它使用哈希值而不键本身进行索引查找。你需要做的就是在查询的where子句中手动指定使用哈希函数。
下面我们来看一个例子:
mysql> CREATE TABLE pseudohash(id int unsigned not null auto_increment,url varchar(255) not null,url_crc int unsigned not null default 0,primary key(id));Query OK, 0 rows affectedmysql> describe pseudohash;+---------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+---------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+| id | int(10) unsigned | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment || url | varchar(255) | NO | | NULL | || url_crc | int(10) unsigned | NO | | 0 | |+---------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+3 rows in set
我们可能会存储大量的url,并需要根据url进行搜索查找。如果使用B-Tree来存储URL,存储的内容就会很大,因为URL本身都很长。正常情况下,我们会在url列上建立索引,使用如下的方式来查找特定的url。
创建url列上的索引
mysql> create unique index url_index on pseudohash (url);Query OK, 0 rows affectedRecords: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0mysql> show index from pseudohash;+------------+------------+-----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+| Table | Non_unique | Key_name | Seq_in_index | Column_name | Collation | Cardinality | Sub_part | Packed | Null | Index_type | Comment | Index_comment |+------------+------------+-----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+| pseudohash | 0 | PRIMARY | 1 | id | A | 1 | NULL | NULL | | BTREE | | || pseudohash | 0 | url_index | 1 | url | A | 1 | NULL | NULL | | BTREE | | |+------------+------------+-----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+2 rows in set
插入一条数据
mysql> insert into pseudohash (url) values('www.cnivi.com');Query OK, 1 row affectedmysql> select * from pseudohash;+----+---------------+------------+| id | url | url_crc |+----+---------------+------------+| 3 | www.cnivi.com | 0 |+----+---------------+------------+2 rows in set
你可能会使用这种方式来查询
mysql> select url from pseudohash where url="www.cnivi.com";+---------------+| url |+---------------+| www.cnivi.com |+---------------+1 row in set
这种方式可见的坏处就是url本身可能很长,使用B-Tree存储的内容太大。
解决方法就是删除掉url列上的索引,而新增一个被索引的url_crc列
如下面操作:
mysql> show index from pseudohash;+------------+------------+-----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+| Table | Non_unique | Key_name | Seq_in_index | Column_name | Collation | Cardinality | Sub_part | Packed | Null | Index_type | Comment | Index_comment |+------------+------------+-----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+| pseudohash | 0 | PRIMARY | 1 | id | A | 2 | NULL | NULL | | BTREE | | || pseudohash | 0 | url_index | 1 | url | A | 2 | NULL | NULL | | BTREE | | |+------------+------------+-----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+2 rows in setmysql> drop index url_index on pseudohash;Query OK, 0 rows affectedRecords: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0mysql> show index from pseudohash;+------------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+| Table | Non_unique | Key_name | Seq_in_index | Column_name | Collation | Cardinality | Sub_part | Packed | Null | Index_type | Comment | Index_comment |+------------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+| pseudohash | 0 | PRIMARY | 1 | id | A | 1 | NULL | NULL | | BTREE | | |+------------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+1 row in setmysql> create index url_crc_index on pseudohash (url_crc);Query OK, 0 rows affectedRecords: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0mysql> show index from pseudohash;+------------+------------+---------------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+| Table | Non_unique | Key_name | Seq_in_index | Column_name | Collation | Cardinality | Sub_part | Packed | Null | Index_type | Comment | Index_comment |+------------+------------+---------------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+| pseudohash | 0 | PRIMARY | 1 | id | A | 1 | NULL | NULL | | BTREE | | || pseudohash | 1 | url_crc_index | 1 | url_crc | A | 1 | NULL | NULL | | BTREE | | |+------------+------------+---------------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+2 rows in setmysql>
使用CRC32做哈希,就可以使用下面这中方式查询:
mysql> insert into pseudohash (url,url_crc) values('www.ceit.com/adasds/sdfsafwe/sadfsadfew/weqfvscxz',crc32('www.ceit.com/adasds/sdfsafwe/sadfsadfew/weqfvscxz'));Query OK, 1 row affectedmysql> select * from pseudohash;+----+---------------------------------------------------+------------+| id | url | url_crc |+----+---------------------------------------------------+------------+| 1 | www.ceit.com | 3722524106 || 5 | www.ceit.com/adasds/sdfsafwe/sadfsadfew/weqfvscxz | 2788083859 |+----+---------------------------------------------------+------------+2 rows in setmysql> select * from pseudohash where url = 'www.ceit.com/adasds/sdfsafwe/sadfsadfew/weqfvscxz' and url_crc = crc32('www.ceit.com/adasds/sdfsafwe/sadfsadfew/weqfvscxz');+----+---------------------------------------------------+------------+| id | url | url_crc |+----+---------------------------------------------------+------------+| 5 | www.ceit.com/adasds/sdfsafwe/sadfsadfew/weqfvscxz | 2788083859 |+----+---------------------------------------------------+------------+1 row in setmysql>
where查询条件
where url = 'www.ceit.com/adasds/sdfsafwe/sadfsadfew/weqfvscxz' and url_crc = crc32('www.ceit.com/adasds/sdfsafwe/sadfsadfew/weqfvscxz');
这样做的性能就会很高,因为mysql优化器会使用这个选择性很高而体积很小的基于url_crc列的索引来完成查询。即使有很多个记录有相同的索引值,查找仍然很快,只需要根据哈希值做快速的整数比较就能找到索引条目,然后一一比较返回对应的行。对完整的URL字符串做索引,那就会非常慢。
处理哈希冲突的情况:要避免冲突问题,必须在where条件中带入哈希值和对应列值。
如果采用这种方式,记住不要使用SHA1()和MD5()作为哈希函数。因为这两个哈希函数计算出来的哈希值是非常长的字符串,会浪费大量空间,比较时也会更慢。
创建触发器,维护哈希值
mysql> delimiter //mysql> CREATE TRIGGER pseudohash_crc_insert BEFORE INSERT ON pseudohash FOR EACH ROW BEGIN SET NEW.url_crc = crc32(NEW.url);END; //Query OK, 0 rows affectedmysql> CREATE TRIGGER pseudohash_crc_update BEFORE UPDATE ON pseudohash FOR EACH ROW BEGIN SET NEW.url_crc = crc32(NEW.url);END;//Query OK, 0 rows affectedmysql> delimiter ;mysql>
查看触发器
mysql> SELECT * FROM information_schema.triggers WHERE TRIGGER_NAME='pseudohash_crc_insert' \G*************************** 1. row *************************** TRIGGER_CATALOG: def TRIGGER_SCHEMA: test TRIGGER_NAME: pseudohash_crc_insert EVENT_MANIPULATION: INSERT EVENT_OBJECT_CATALOG: def EVENT_OBJECT_SCHEMA: test EVENT_OBJECT_TABLE: pseudohash ACTION_ORDER: 0 ACTION_CONDITION: NULL ACTION_STATEMENT: BEGINSET NEW.url_crc = crc32(NEW.url);END ACTION_ORIENTATION: ROW ACTION_TIMING: BEFOREACTION_REFERENCE_OLD_TABLE: NULLACTION_REFERENCE_NEW_TABLE: NULL ACTION_REFERENCE_OLD_ROW: OLD ACTION_REFERENCE_NEW_ROW: NEW CREATED: NULL SQL_MODE: NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION DEFINER: root@localhost CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT: utf8 COLLATION_CONNECTION: utf8_general_ci DATABASE_COLLATION: latin1_swedish_ci1 row in set (0.09 sec)mysql>
测试触发器
mysql> insert into pseudohash (url) values('www.12345.com');Query OK, 1 row affectedmysql> select * from pseudohash where id = 6;+----+---------------+------------+| id | url | url_crc |+----+---------------+------------+| 6 | www.12345.com | 1421191900 |+----+---------------+------------+1 row in setmysql> update pseudohash set url = 'www.111111.com' where id = 6;Query OK, 1 row affectedRows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0mysql> select * from pseudohash where id = 6;+----+----------------+------------+| id | url | url_crc |+----+----------------+------------+| 6 | www.111111.com | 1825805409 |+----+----------------+------------+1 row in setmysql>
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